The First Amendment Essay Example For Students

The First Amendment Essay No other fair society on the planet grants individual flexibilities tothe level of the United States of America. Inside the last sixty years,American courts, particularly the Supreme Court, have built up a set oflegal precepts that completely secure all types of the opportunity ofexpression. With regards to assessing how much we takeadvantage of the chance to communicate our suppositions, a few individuals ofsociety might be liable of damaging the limits of the First Amendment bypublicly affronting others through profanity or prejudice. Americans havedeveloped a particular manner toward the opportunity of expressionthroughout history. The First Amendment obviously voices an incredible American regard toward thefreedom of religion. It likewise keeps the administration from shortening thefreedom of discourse, or of the press; or the privilege of the individuals quietly toassemble and to appeal to the Government for a change of grievances.Since the early history of our nation, the insurance of fundamental freedomshas been absolutely critical to Americans. In Langston Hughes sonnet, Freedom, he accentuates the battle toenjoy the opportunities that he knows are legitimately his. He reflects theAmerican want for opportunity now when he says, I needn't bother with my freedomwhen Im dead. I can't live on tomorrows bread. He perceives the needfor opportunity completely without bargain or dread. I think Langston Hughes catches the pith of the Americanimmigrants journey for opportunity in his sonnet, Freedoms Plow. He accuratelydescribes Americans as showing up with only dreams and buildingAmerica with the expectations of finding more prominent opportunity or opportunity for the firsttime. He delineates how individuals of all foundations cooperated for onecause: opportunity. I chose Ray Bradburys Fahrenheit 451 as an invented model ofthe shades of malice of control in a world that is getting uneducated. In thisbook, the legislature persuades the open that book perusing is abhorrent becauseit spreads hurtful sentiments and disturbs individuals against the administration. Most by far of individuals acknowledge this control of articulation withoutquestion and are substance to see and hear just the administrations promulgation. I discovered this upsetting yet practical. Bradburys shrouded restriction tothis type of oversight was obvious all through the book and finallyprevailed at long last when his primary character opposed the practiceof consuming books. Among the numerous types of fights are pickets, strikes, open speechesand rallies. As of late in New Jersey, in excess of a thousand communityactivists energized to draft a human spending that puts the necessities of the poorand incapacitated as a top need. Rallies are a powerful methods forpeople to utilize their opportunities successfully to realize change from thegovernment. The right to speak freely of discourse is continually being tested as is confirm in arecent legal dispute where a Gloucester County school locale censoredreviews of two R-evaluated motion pictures from a school paper. Unrivaled CourtJudge, Robert E. Francis decided that the understudies rights were violatedunder the state Constitution. I feel this is an amazing advancement forstudents rights since it limits article control of school newspapersby teachers and permits understudies to print what they feel is significant. A recently proposed charge (A-557) would forestall school authorities fromcontrolling the substance of understudy distributions. Pundits of the bill feelthat understudy writers might be too youthful to even think about understanding theresponsibilities that accompany free discourse. This is a legitimate point;however, it would give an incredible chance to them to learn abouttheir First Amendment rights that ensures free discourse and opportunity of thepress. In his initiation address to Monmouth College graduates, ProfessorAlan Dershowitz of Harvard Law School protected the expansive right to freespeech. He expressed, My message to you graduates is to declare your rights,to use them mindfully and strikingly, to contradict prejudice, to restrict sexism, tooppose homophobia and dogmatism of various types and to do as such inside the spiritof the First Amendment, not by making a special case to it. I concur thatone should don't hesitate to talk straightforwardly as long as it doesn't legitimately orindirectly prompt the damage of others. .u3687dde4424a442744cd778802e9236c , .u3687dde4424a442744cd778802e9236c .postImageUrl , .u3687dde4424a442744cd778802e9236c .focused content territory { min-tallness: 80px; position: relative; } .u3687dde4424a442744cd778802e9236c , .u3687dde4424a442744cd778802e9236c:hover , .u3687dde4424a442744cd778802e9236c:visited , .u3687dde4424a442744cd778802e9236c:active { border:0!important; } .u3687dde4424a442744cd778802e9236c .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .u3687dde4424a442744cd778802e9236c { show: square; change: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-progress: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; murkiness: 1; progress: haziness 250ms; webkit-change: obscurity 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .u3687dde4424a442744cd778802e9236c:active , .u3687dde4424a442744cd778802e9236c:hover { darkness: 1; change: mistiness 250ms; webkit-progress: obscurity 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .u3687dde4424a442744cd778802e9236c .focused content region { width: 100%; position: rel ative; } .u3687dde4424a442744cd778802e9236c .ctaText { outskirt base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: striking; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; text-enrichment: underline; } .u3687dde4424a442744cd778802e9236c .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .u3687dde4424a442744cd778802e9236c .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; fringe: none; fringe range: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; textual style weight: intense; line-stature: 26px; moz-fringe span: 3px; text-adjust: focus; text-improvement: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-stature: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/straightforward arrow.png)no-rehash; position: total; right: 0; top: 0; } .u3687dde4424a442744cd778802e9236c:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .u3687dde4424a44 2744cd778802e9236c .focused content { show: table; tallness: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .u3687dde4424a442744cd778802e9236c-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .u3687dde4424a442744cd778802e9236c:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: Causes of the French Revolution EssayOne of the more disputable issues was the ongoing 2 Live Crewincident including profanity in rap music. Their record, As Nasty as TheyWanna Be, was administered indecent in government court. They were vindicated of thecharges and immediately turned into a free discourse saint. Albeit numerous storespulled the collection, more than 2,000,000 duplicates sold because of the episode. I feel

It Is Better to Have Tried and Failed, Than Not to Have Tried at All Essay Example

It Is Better to Have Tried and Failed, Than Not to Have Tried at All Essay â€Å"It is smarter to have attempted and fizzled, than not to have attempted by any stretch of the imagination. † Do you concur? At the point when one attempts and comes up short, one has increased more information than the person who has not attempted by any means. The individual who has attempted, will rather have a more noteworthy comprehension over the person who has not. In any case, that individual probably attempted his best all together for this announcement to be relevant. In this manner, I concur with this announcement given that the individual has attempted his best. Right off the bat, during the time spent learning as we grow up, we face various obstructions and difficulties as we move in the direction of our objective or dream. During these seasons of trouble, we will in general halt abruptly. Very few individuals would keep driving forward and push ahead to do their worst. Regardless of whether we bomb subsequent to attempting, we would have the option to understand the missteps that we have made. When contrasted with not in any event, attempting by any means, bombing will profit us so that we can continue developing ourselves to turn out to be better. So, we will have the option to gain from the mix-ups that we made the first occasion when we attempted and flopped Secondly, not attempting at all will leave you with more noteworthy second thoughts than trying and coming up short. We will compose a custom paper test on It Is Better to Have Tried and Failed, Than Not to Have Tried at All explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom article test on It Is Better to Have Tried and Failed, Than Not to Have Tried at All explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom exposition test on It Is Better to Have Tried and Failed, Than Not to Have Tried at All explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer At the point when you become more seasoned, the measure of disappointments for not attempting would accumulate. As you recall into your past, those second thoughts could have really transformed into significant encounters. At any rate when you attempt, you achieve new information which will help in your future undertakings. The information and experience you experienced could mean the distinction between tasting the pleasantness of accomplishment, or the harsh taste of disappointment. Despite what might be expected, In certain conditions, it is better not to attempt if the final product is self-evident. For instance, it is a useless endeavor to attempt to charm a young lady that doesn't care for you consequently. For this situation, attempting to do so will simply prompt fiasco. In addition, you may wind up losing a companion, humiliating yourself and conceivably giving her uneasiness. In some cases an opportunity is never an opportunity and you ought not try to have a go at realizing that the result will be a negative one which will make the two gatherings endure. Thirdly, disappointment is the mother of progress. Ask any fruitful individual you know whether they have encountered disappointments, and they will answer you with a gesture of the head or a resonating yes. For sure, the way to progress is loaded with disappointments and mishaps, however the individuals who can remain back up and gain from these encounters are the ones who will be ensured achievement. The world acclaimed Thomas Edison needed to attempt one thousand times before effectively concocting the light. One of his adages include,† I have not bombed a thousand times yet rather have discovered a thousand different ways that don't work. † This idealistic and suffering demeanor is something else which effective individuals share for all intents and purpose. Thomas Edison had the option to gain from his mix-ups and adequately enhance them, this is the reason he had the option to succeed. Theodore Roosevelt puts it incredibly well: Its not the pundit who tallies; Not the man who brings up how the tough man staggers, or where the practitioner of deeds could have improved. The credit goes to the person who is quite the field; Who endeavors valiantly; who blunders and misses the mark over and over; Who knows the incredible dedications, the extraordinary enthusiasms, and spends himself in a noble purpose. Who, at the best, knows at long last the triumph of high accomplishment; and, even from a pessimistic standpoint, in the event that he bombs in any event he fizzles while brave enormously; with the goal that his place will never be among those bashful and cold spirits who know neither triumph nor rout. Life is an unavoidable outcome, and everything that one individual does may not really mean achievement, however it is sure that various encounters will acquire various advantages. These encounters can cut the person’s character and demeanor to a superior individual as they proceed ahead and gain from their own errors. To adjust, disappointments will give an individual encounter and an individual who doesn't attempt won't gain these encounters by any stretch of the imagination. Accordingly, it is smarter to have attempted and fizzled, than not to have attempted by any stretch of the imagination.

Choosing a Professional Paper Writing Service Provider

Choosing a Professional Paper Writing Service ProviderChoosing a professional paper and pen writing service provider for your needs is a big decision. One must decide what paper to use, the types of paper to be used, how to secure the delivery, as well as how many paper, pens, markers, etc. to be used.As a writer, you may need more than one type of paper. A brochure will require several sizes of paper. Or perhaps you may need copies of an item or advertisement to be delivered to several places, including your home, office, and/or the public library. It all depends on the nature of the writing assignment.When searching for stock paper, be sure to get the highest quality stock paper you can afford. Some large format printing companies only offer the best stock papers, but they charge much more per page than smaller companies. This is because the larger companies have already invested in stock paper which costs more per sheet.Another way to ensure your choice of paper is correct is to w rite out a cover letter stating that you would like samples of the paper. Don't forget to mention your request for samples in your online order. The papers chosen should not affect the quality of the final product.Consider what the papers will be used for and what they need to be kept. Some paper will only need to be cleaned after each use, while others may need to be sealed in a protective case. Depending on the type of paper, care must be taken when storing the paper.For example, ballpoint pens are generally acid-free and they do not contain lead, and because of this, should be stored in a pen and ink storage case. These are high-quality ink pens which are long-lasting and durable. If you have ballpoint pens for note taking, and other similar types of writing devices, you will want to consider all the available options.There are some types of paper that do not need to be stored in the pen and ink storage case. Inkjet and laser printers do not need to be housed in a storage case. T hey can simply be placed in the printer itself and forgotten about.You need to have an idea of what you need before you order any work from a professional paper service provider. While the selection is available, be sure to do your research and find a company that is qualified to meet your needs.

TEFL Assignment Answers - 23344 Words

Why is TTT (Teacher Talking Time) noted first among the potential problems to look out for in the list in section 1.2C? What are some ways you plan to avoid excessive TTT in your classroom when you are a ESL/EFL teacher? Provide specific strategies and examples. â€Å"Why is TTT noted first among the potential problems to look out for in the list in Section 1.2C?† Section 1.2 introduces the simple notion that, as Native English Speakers, we are accustomed to using the language—our students, on the other hand, are not. So, this preliminary information informs instructors to build classroom environments that encourage and maintain verbal participation from the students. In essence, we are not to build curriculum that reflects the†¦show more content†¦Which would be most effective with the majority of students? Which would be the most time efficient? On what basis would you choose one over another? â€Å"Which one of the approaches or methods listed in Section 1.5 seems more appealing to you as a personal choice to employ in your future classroom?† An Eclectic Approach is consistent with my overall goals as an effective foreign-language teacher. I am willing to try any and everything until I can locate what is effective, what is comfortable, and what will provide for the most conducive learning environment. In essence, and Eclectic Approach only seems feasible to a person who has a sincere interest in understanding how to best assist the learner. â€Å"Which would be the most effective with a majority of students?† The Direct Method is probably the most effective with a majority of students. I say this simply because the methodology—by definition—is student-centered. It would be difficult to argue against student-centered methodology. According to the TEFL website, the Direct Method builds an environment by which the student would acquire the L2 just as naturally as a child would. It goes on the further stress teaching through habit formation and immediate/consistent correction of linguistic errors as they are made. The extend the â€Å"parent-child† analogy, the instructor is doing all possible to make sure classroom time isShow MoreRelatedEssay about Trinity Cert Tesol9662 Words   |  39 PagesTrinity Cert TESOL Assignment details Contents Self-study 2 Reading list 3 Assignment overview 7 Teaching practice 8 Language Awareness test 1. 10 Language awareness test 2 10 Language awareness test 3 11 Unknown foreign language journal 12 Materials assignment 24 Observation journal 29 Teaching practice journal 49 Learner profile 51 Agreement to participate in learner profile 59 Self-study Self study follows the day’s input. Although there is flexibility inRead MoreTefl Teaching English to Young Learners2584 Words   |  11 PagesTeaching English to Young Learners with GO TEFL Result: 81% Assignment Answer the following questions based on your course readings for this module. (100 marks) Part 1: This section covers multiple choice type questions. Choose the correct answer from the possible answers provided. 1. What is one of the main differences between children and adult EFL students? (1) 1. Children are more likely to be forced to attend the classes.   2. Games are effective for children but not effective forRead MoreI t Be A Filmmaker2078 Words   |  9 Pagesfor students who desire to complete their proficiency in EFL to be able to become EFL teachers mostly for elementary and secondary schools. I received my textbooks along with a package with detailed instructions to completed my homework and other assignments. The required exams were given once a month, and I had to contact my instructors, over the phone, at least twice a month as part of the requirements to have a passing grade at the end each of the courses I took. There was a point during this timeRead MoreThe Use of Literature in Teaching English as a Foreign Language6056 Words   |  25 Pagesdifferent genres(i.e. poetry, sort stories, drama and novel) to language teaching and some problems encountered by language teachers within the area of teaching English through literature( i.e. lack of preparation in the area of literature teaching in TSL/TEFL, programs, absen ce of clear-cut objectives, defining the role of literature in ESL/EFL, language teachers not having the background and training in literature, lack of pedagogically-designed appropriate materials that can be used by language teachersRead MoreCelta Key15571 Words   |  63 Pageslet you know how you are getting on. If you do not agree with your tutor’s assessment then you are free to question it, this will in no way prejudice your assessment. Written Assignments There are four of these. (See homework sheet for further details) You may resubmit them if you fail first time. If you fail two assignments after resubmission, you will not be awarded a pass grade. 2 Professional Development All teachers have to work in a staff room environment. We need to see that you canRead MoreDirect Method in Foreign Language Teaching5667 Words   |  23 Pagesand final thread in the development of ELT was the rising demand for English as a foreign language (EFL) in the United Kingdom itself during the 1930s, mainly from refugees from war-threatened Europe. After 1945, there was a pause until the1960s when TEFL began to grow fast. Out of these influences post-war ELT developed a recognizable approach of its own which stressed the importance of carefully graded texts containing the new grammar patterns, a limited vocabulary of frequent items and an oralRead MoreDISSERTATION21474 Words   |  86 Pagesresearch; its purpose was to find out how students felt about the use of A M activities during the course and see if they had benefited in their learning process. I applied it the last day of classes; I explained the class that it was important to answer with the truth, they were not supposed to put their names and the results were not going to modify their grades. Appendix 2 shows a sample, the result is given in 5. 4. 4. 7. Interview The interview was planned to obtain direct information from

Validity in Sociology Reliability in Research

In sociology and research terms, internal validity is the degree to which an instrument, such as a survey question, measures what it is intended to measure while external validity refers to the ability of results of an experiment to be generalized beyond the immediate study. True validity comes when both the instruments used and the results of experiments themselves are found to be accurate each time an experiment is conducted; as a result, all data that is found to be valid must be considered reliable, which means it must be capable of being repeated across multiple experiments. As an example, if a survey posits that a students aptitude score is a valid predictor of a students test scores in certain topics, the amount of research conducted into that relationship would determine whether or not the instrument of measurement (here, the aptitude as they relate to the test scores) are considered valid. The Two Aspects of Validity: Internal and External In order for an experiment to be considered valid, it must first be considered internally and externally valid. This means that an experiments measuring tools must be able to be used repeatedly to generate the same results. However, as University of California Davis psychology professor Barbara Sommers puts it in her Introduction to Scientific Knowledge demo course, the truth of these two aspects of validity  may be hard to determine: Different methods vary with regard to these two aspects of validity. Experiments, because they tend to be structured and controlled, are often high on internal validity. However, their strength with regard to structure and control, may result in low external validity. The results may be so limited as to prevent generalizing to other situations. In contrast, observational research may have high external validity (generalizability) because it has taken place in the real world. However, the presence of so many uncontrolled variables may lead to low internal validity in that we cant be sure which variables are affecting the observed behaviors. When there is either low internal or low external validity, researchers often adjust the parameters of their observations, instruments, and experiments in order to achieve a more reliable analysis of sociological data. The Relationship Between Reliability and Validity When it comes to providing accurate and useful data analysis, sociologists and scientists of all fields must maintain a level of validity and reliability in their research—all valid data is reliable, but reliability alone does not ensure the validity of an experiment. For instance, if the number of people who receive speeding tickets in an area varies  immensely from day to day, week to week, month to month, and year to year, it is unlikely to be a good predictor of anything—it isnt valid as a measurement of predictability. However, if the same number of tickets are received monthly or annually, researchers may be able to correlate some other data that fluctuates at the same rate. Still, not all reliable data is valid. Say the researchers correlated the sale of coffee in the area to the number of speeding tickets issued—while the data may appear to support one another, the variables on an external level invalidate the measurement tool of the number of coffees sold as they relate to the number of speeding tickets received.

Play Assessments And Developmental Skills - 710 Words

In this article reviewed titled â€Å"Play Assessments and Developmental Skills in Young Children With Autism Spectrum Disorders† written by J. Pierucci, A. Barber, A. Gilpin, M. Crisler, and L. Klinger research diagnostic evaluations that include the assessment of play. Understanding the role of play in regards to the autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is essential in developing communication skills to enhance social interaction is essential. The authors examined various aspects of play, draw from play competencies, and design interventions for successful outcomes of goals. In addition, how to measure the correlation between play and developmental skills that correlates with specific play composites. These essential dynamics provided correlation between play behaviors in the development of social skills of children with autism. The crux of the research and the findings in this study are the variety of measures used performing ASD diagnostic evaluations (Pierucci, Barber, Gilpin, Crisler, Klinger, 2015, p. 41). These diagnostic measures are vague because the observer not the observed determines levels of play. Furthermore, the child with autism is unable to communicate a genuine interest or lack of interest in the particular play strategy. In retrospect, play if the child is not correctly measured for their play style, then the strategy is limited at best. Therefore making it imperative to understand the significance of a pre-and post-assessments enable to match the child’sShow MoreRelatedEvaluation Of The And Emotional Development919 Words   |  4 PagesThroughout the assessments, I found Julia to be average or superior to developmental milestones for children her age. To assure all areas were observed, I allowed a week to monitor the assessment data for two checklists. I observed social and emo tional development over a three day span to allow for situational stimuli and behavior adjustments from a quick trip to visit her paternal grandparents. Finally, to pull all my information together, I completed a time sampling assessment to observe actionsRead MoreThe Autism Screening Instrument For Educational Planning1400 Words   |  6 Pagescrucial for the professional evaluating the child to know about the disorder. This is why speech-language pathologists normally play a part in the diagnosis. Other members of the team may include occupational therapists, physical therapists, pediatricians, and neurologists. Since problems with communication and social skills are early symptoms of this disorder, SLPs play a main role in the diagnosis and should be consulted early in the evaluation process. Talking to the parents and caregivers ofRead MoreAnalysis : Infant Toddler Language Scale1040 Words   |  5 PagesCritique†¨This Rossetti Infant-Toddler Language Scale is a criter ion-referenced informal assessment used to compare the skills of a child to a framework of typical development. The scale is made for children ages zero to three years old. While the administration of the test is relatively easy to follow, the time to administer the test varies on the age of the child, but can range from ten to thirty minutes. I believe this assessment is practical as a measure of communication and interaction.†¨ To measure progressRead MoreEssay On Social Play1263 Words   |  6 PagesPlay Play is important for school functioning as it enables Amelia to connect with peers at kindergarten while learning social and communication skills (Rigby Rodger, 2006). Direct observation of Amelia’s free play was conducted in the back garden and the Test of Playfulness (ToP; Bundy et al., 2001) was adopted to examine her degree of playfulness. Amelia participated in different types of game that predominate in the play of 0- to 7-year-olds (Takata, 1974), including riding bicycle (sensorimotor)Read MoreAssessment Of The Kindergarten Classroom : An Empirical Study Of Teachers Assessment Approaches1593 Words   |  7 Pages Assessment in the Kindergarten Classroom For many years, educators have been challenged in their efforts to assess kindergarten children using a variety of strategies. Tests and other types of assessments designed for kindergarten children are not the same as those intended for children in later grades in elementary school. Today, kindergarten teachers face the challenge of balancing traditional developmental programming with the academically oriented curriculum that is currently required. TheRead MoreThe Greatest Challenge For American Higher Education1582 Words   |  7 Pageseducation today is how to improve the success of developmental education students. Having a postsecondary degree is often the difference between having a career and living comfortably or holding a minimum wage job and struggling to make ends meet. Gabriel (2008), reports that nearly half of higher education students do not have the necessary skills needed in reading to perform successfully and faculty insist these students are not prepared. Communit y colleges plays a pivotal role in education and give studentsRead MoreSimilarities and Differences between Reggio Emilia and High Scope1681 Words   |  7 Pageseducation and their preschool curriculum approach. High Scope preschool curriculum is used throughout the world and has had an impact on Head Start programs (Morrison, 1976, p. 15). High Scope promotes the developmental domains in their Key Developmental Indicators (KDIs). KDIs break down the developmental domains, and it talks about how they can be incorporated in the curriculum. Cognitive development is promoted through their children exploring objects through their five senses, exploring similaritiesRead MoreFinding an Affordable Childcare Program1126 Words   |  5 Pagesease your concern with your son development with vocabulary, social, and motor skills.   In this letter, I plan to address, three things you should look for in a childcare environment that supports your son s development, three factors that could contribute to atypical development at this age, and give my assessment of whether or not the child may exhibit a developmental delay and to note signs of a possible developmental delay, bearing in mind that teachers themselves cannot diagnose disabilities)Read MoreThe Importance Of Play And Its Effect On Cognition, Linguistics, And Pragmatics15 01 Words   |  7 PagesAssessment of Play Jimmy Kue Northeastern State University Abstract This paper explores the importance of play and its effect on cognition, linguistics, and pragmatics in infants and toddlers and how play can affect their social competence as preschoolers. Assessment of Play In a third world country, some Hmong parents’ believe in the teaching for survival needs are important and necessary in order to survive. Chores were evenly distributed throughout the family who were capable to contributeRead MoreDevelopmental Delay1330 Words   |  6 PagesJacqueline McCluskey CDFR 4300 Developmental Delay At least 8 percent of all preschool children from birth to 6 years have developmental problems and demonstrate delays in one or more domains. (Pediatric Perspective, 2003). Developmental delays occur when a child does not reach the developmental milestones by the expected time. It can affect one or more of the five areas of development: physical, cognitive, communication, social and emotional, and adaptive. If a child is experiencing a delay

Literature Review Diversity at Workplace

Question: Discuss about the Literature Review for Diversity at Workplace. Answer: Introduction: The Literature on diversity in workplace is reviewed to determine the issues related to complexity at workplace and also to identify ways in management of diversity and training. This literature review focus on number of matters related to literature review such as definition of diversity, theories of workforce diversity, trends of diversity, weakness and benefits of diversity, and diversity training. Many authors defined diversity in their own concept but not even a single definition cover all the elements of diversity at workplace. Subsequently, this paper is concluded with brief conclusion. Literature Review-Diversity at Workplace: According to Morrison (1992), diversity is divided in four levels: first level stated that diversity is the balance of racial, ethical and sexual elements. Second level stated that diversity is the understanding of other cultures, third level defines diversity as cultural and divergent values, and fourth level stated that diversity includes cultural, sub cultural and divergent values. Griggs (1995) divided diversity into primary and secondary dimensions. Primary dimension define human differences which are inborn and these dimension includes age, ethnicity, gender, physical abilities, race and sexual orientation. It is not possible for human beings to change their primary dimensions. Secondary dimensions include that can be changed by human being and it includes education, geographic location, military experience, etc[1]. The literature review on workplace diversity stated three different theoretical frameworks for determining the impact of workplace diversity. First theory is related to social categorization and this theory is defined by Turner (1987) as categorization of human beings on the basis of gender, ethnicity or age, and it result in stereotyping which are based on these differences. Berscheid Walster (1978) stated that second theory is similarity and attraction theory, and according to this theory similarity is assert on salient or non-salient attributes such as race and values which increase the interpersonal attraction and attachment. Third theory is related to information and decision making which evaluates the impact of information distribution and expertise on work teams (Wittenbaum Stasser, 1996). Above stated theories result in different and contradictory effect of diversity on the performance of group or individual. (Michala, Deanne, Paul, Janique 2003). Social categorization theory and similarity attraction theory reflect negative effects such as reduction in the group communication, increase in labor turnover, and decreased satisfaction and commitment. However, third theory information and decision making predicts positive effect of diversity because teams which are more diverged process the information in different manner as members of the team have different ideas (Williams O'Reilly, 1998; Cox, 1993; Pollar Gonzalez, 1994)[2]. Things are little different in 2015, and trends related to workplace diversity are changed. According to Selena Rezvani (2015), a Deloitte report published in 2014 covering many trends related to HR, and this report stated that Diversity was the least important issue considered by leaders as compared to other matters of HR. following are some trends of workplace diversity in 2015 that is CEOs of the company directly address the issue of workplace diversity, now definition of diversity is completely changed, nor semantics are not that much subtle, technology improve number of things, and many more[3]. There is human tendency to favor those peoples who are similar to them because people feel more comfortable to be in surroundings which are similar to them (Avery, 1979; Wexley Nemeroff, 1974). This is the only reason that mangers hire, promote and make project assignments with those to who they can relate instead of those who are different from them. For example womens and people of color receive less attention of mangers as compared to other employees because of uncertainty of feedback and result (Jamieson O'Mara, 1991; Jones, 1982). It is not possible for women and other people of color to improve their job performance in the absence of feedback, and problems are continuously escalated till they are solved. Womens and people of colors are also not invited for after activities of business which improve the relation between employee and employer and help in making informal decisions of business. as result they feel outsiders, which lead to personal and professional conflicts at workplace (Dunnette Motowidlo, 1982; Hymowitz, 1989; Rosener, 1986; Schwartz, 1989)[4]. Wheeler (1994) defined diversity training and stated that this training varies from organization to organization, and training in every organization is influenced with the way in which organization understand and treat this matter. Wheeler further stated that from the corporate perspective diversity training is defined as raising personal awareness among individuals related to differences between individuals in the workplace and how they can use these differences to enhance the way people work together. Whereas, organizations used number of methods to manage the diversity at workplace, and diversity training is the most used strategy by organizations. According to Michael R, there are different forms of diversity training such as encounter-type retreats or quiet consciousness-raising sessions. He also stated some points which are directly related to diversity training: certification of values, perceptual differences, case studies, personal experience and morals. Knouse and Dansby (1999), states that those organizations which practice diversity will lead to increase synergy among employees, contacts, and members of staff on different roles and tasks. Valuation of diversity means that differences present at workplace are not absolute in nature and these differences helps the organization to be more effective because they are depends on different perspectives to find the best solution of problem. Weakness of cultural diversity in the workplace is individuals at workplace indulge in personal conflicts with each other because individuals who are culturally diverse have different opinions, norms, values, beliefs, customs, trends, and traditions. These differences are shown with the passage of time in the workplace. Personality of human beings includes number of dimensions and these dimensions are exists under the deep surface. These qualities result in actual essence of diversity among individuals (Gillian Coote Martin)[5]. Conclusion: After so many discussions on diversity at workplace there is still confusion on this term under organizations. Definitions of diversity include different levels and sources but these definitions do not state any difference between functional diversity and social diversity. Because of lack of difference there are number of organizations which are not able to understand this issue properly and fails in adopting the successful diversity operations. The impact of diversity is negative as well positive. Positive attributes of diversity includes strong knowledge which are based on cultural experience of individuals and these effects are depend on the management of cultural diversity issues by management and leaders in organization. After conducting the proper planning leaders can ensure more positive effects of cultural diversity as compared to negative effects. After analyzing the view points of different authors it is clear that issue of diversity is not clear and this will result in problems related to understanding the definition of diversity for practice. Bibliography Journals Wentling, R. M. Rivas, P. M. (1997). Diversity in the workforce: A literature review. National Center for Research in Vocational Education. MDS-934, pp 3. Magazine Rezvani, S. (2015). Five Trends Driving Workplace Diversity In 2015. Retrieved on 3rd February 2017 from: https://www.forbes.com/sites/work-in-progress/2015/02/03/20768/#8e2d75334c98. Book Cascio, W. F. (1982). Applied psychology in personnel management. Reston, VA: Reston Publishing Company. Website The Conference Board of Canada. Workplace Diversity Research. Reyrieved on 3rd February 2017 from: https://www.conferenceboard.ca/topics/humanresource/diversity.aspx.

The Great Gatsby Essays (691 words) - The Great Gatsby,

The Great Gatsby In one of the greatest works of the Twentieth Century, The Great Gatsby by F.Scott Fitzgerald, there are many dynamic and upright characters, which greatly add to the story's theme. One character, Daisy Fay Buchanan, is made essential by way of her relation to the theme. With her multi-dimensional personality and relation to the conflicts, she becomes needed in order to convey the meaning. Daisy Buchanan is a round and powerful character with many different sides to her personality. Early on in the book, she is portrayed as sweet and innocent. Daisy appears to be sweet, innocent, and has external intelligence. While underneath her white dress lies a corrupted innersole. She is crude and showy, all an act to attract people to her. This theme is displayed in almost every character. Everyone appears to be someone they're not, just as people in the society of the 1920's. Daisy also keeps a daughter around as a show toy. Whenever company comes over, she beckons for the little girl to come and put on a little act for everyone. This signifies her life. Pammy, Daisy's daughter, is kept in the closet until it's time to show off for company. Daisy becomes radiant and personable. When everyone has gone, Daisy becomes bored, of no importance to the world wondering aloud what she is going to do with the rest of her life. She appears to be bored yet innocent and harmless. Daisy redi scovers her love with Gatsby because of his nice shirts and large house. When Gatsby failed to contact her, she went off and married another man, without evening having heard word from Gatsby. All of these many and round characteristics add complications to the plot and dimension to the meaning she adds to the book. Daisy was involved in the conflict between she and Tom. Tom had a mistress and Daisy was upset by it. Daisy would act like she new nothing at all and would be all sarcastic about it. She would also go and spend some time with Gatsby. Another conflict is her love affair with Gatsby. Her apparent sweetness and innocence allow Gatsby to fall in love with her. But her impatience and ignorance of true love or the meaning of truth and compassion allow her to flawlessly marry Tom, without a sober thought of Gatsby. He falls for her, which leads up to the further conflict. The conflict is whether or not she will go back with Gatsby. Daisy was the cause for Gatsby to change his ways and by doing this it also got him killed in the end. Daisy is the central corruption of Gatsby's dream. Daisy was the only thing, or at least he thought between him and happiness. Myrtle Wilson grew up a poor girl. She never had what Daisy had and she never will. All that she wanted was to be part of the riches. She would do anything to fit in and to get what she wanted. So Myrtle found Tom and she was happy. She was able to experience the wealth. Tom showered her with gifts, which she loved. Tom made her feel like she was royalty or so she thought. The one thing that was missing from this all was the respect. Tom treated her so badly. He would smack her around. He treated her like a possession and nothing more. By sneaking around with Tom it shows us how Myrtle had no respect for her husband or herself. Mr. Wilson treated her like a princess. He wasn't able to give her exactly what she wanted, but he treated her with respect. He would do anything for her. It also shows how Myrtle had no respect for herself. If she weren't so insecure she wouldn't have let Tom smack her around like he did. All in all, Daisy contributes and is essential to the story through her personality, conflicts, and themes. Being a three-dimensional character, she is an excellent addition to the novel and greatly increases the meaning. Without her, the story would lack many certain elements, which are crucial to the theme. English Essays

Impact on Government Law School Essay Essays

Impact on Government Law School Essay Essays Impact on Government Law School Essay Essay Impact on Government Law School Essay Essay John Rawls Theory of Justice Introduction; According to John Rawls, liberty and equity are some of the components of justice and fairness that each modern government should incorporate into their systems. When it comes to equality, the philosopher divides them into ;difference principle and fair equality; (Arellano-Gault, 2010). The difference principle is one that helps in finding out when priorities are conflicting in a practical real life situation. However, the principles that are given weight by this particular direction of thinking are: a single and a comprehensive conception of justice. It is applicable for political endeavors and governments that represent the majority. It is clear that several democratic governments have policies and objectives that obligate them to fight for the welfare of citizens (Kumar ; Verma, 2016). The principles of Rawls affect several modern governments. The two of them are applied in everyday lives. These governments have continued to promote these particular basic liberties. Since they are representative citizens, they have to give fair conditions that will promote justice and peace. When the two are promoted, development would follow. The first principle of John Rawls, the liberty principle; gives everyone equal opportunities and liberty. Furthermore, this principle concentrates on personal belongings as one of the basic liberties claimed by citizens. For this reason, no individual or government has the power to take away these basic liberties from individuals. Therefore, they cannot amend any laws that will work against this particular issue (Skillington, 2017). In my opinion, the idea of Rawls, overlapping consensus has not been applied by several modern governments. We find that some governments do not regard suggestions from the less fortunate or rather from all sides. When this idea is incorporated, several benefits are likely to result. Conclusion In conclusion, John Rawls has great ideas that can positively impact today;s governments. Idea of liberty and equity ensures that everyone benefits from the state. ; References Arellano-Gault, D. (2010). Economic-NPM and the need to bring justice and equity back to the debate on public organizations. Administration ; Society, 42(5), 591-612. Kumar, P., ; Verma, S. (2016). Good Governance: an Appraisal. Global Journal For Research Analysis, 4(7). Skillington, T. (2017). The Idea of Climate Justice. In Climate Justice and Human Rights (pp. 41-89). Palgrave Macmillan US.

The Investigation of an Ethical Issue Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Investigation of an Ethical Issue - Essay Example Even while acknowledging the validity of a number of the ethical concerns raised, the fact is that not only are they resolvable but the merit scheme is a meritorious strategy. As school populations increase, teacher populations decrease. While the obvious solution to the problems associated with public school teacher shortages is the recruitment and employment of more teachers, Cornett and Gaines (2002) quite rightly maintain that this is a non-solution insofar as public teachers’ wage and benefit packages dissuade potential recruits from joining the public school system. Added to that, both federal and state resources are simply insufficient to meet the demand for across the board pay increases. Needless to say, long working hours and intense levels of on the job-stress versus low pay and unattractive benefits, de-motivates teachers and discourages a significant percentage from investing and dedicating themselves to their work (Cornett and Gaines, 2002). There is, however, a sizeable percentage of public school teachers who do dedicate themselves to their job, put in the extra hours their students by need and, indeed, invest themselves in their te aching. The merit scheme, according to Cornett and Gaines (2002) arose in response to the two points mentioned: low salaries and differentiations in teachers’ performances. Merit pay is designed to compensate the deserving for low salaries while, at the same time, encourage and reward the latter group of educators. Merit pay, when perceived of in the terms outlined in the preceding, does not simply emerge as a solution to the identified problems but as a meritorious concept insofar as it is fundamentally based on rewarding the deserving. As Johnson (2000) maintains, however, merit pay has been critiqued by many as fundamentally flawed and, ultimately, unethical. To this end, Johnson (2000) quotes Olsen (1987, p. 2) as saying that merit

Discuss the photograph below with specifics to the assignment given

Discuss the photograph below with specifics to the given - Assignment Example Iconic images such as "Girl with Flag" taken by Ethan Miller for the Las Vegas Sun become iconic because of their ability to blend a sense of reality with a sense of the artistic to fully convey the feelings of the time. In this image, a little blond-haired girl in jeans and a grey T-shirt with what appears to be an American flag printed on it, sits on the shoulders of her father, causing her to rise clearly above the crowd around them, as she solemnly looks up at the unfurled American flag she holds in one hand and has her other hand uplifted and outstretched. The photo was taken on the night after the 9/11 attacks in 2001 when the Las Vegas community held a massive candlelight vigil for those who died that day (Shine, 2011). The darkened sky above the little girl appears to be filled with sparks of light while the area below her is filled with the faces of sad-eyed adults of multiple different races, all grieving together. Through the artistic use of the camera as well as the experience of the human eye, Miller was able to capture a scene that epitomized the sentiments of the country at that time. The photo spoke to the culture in a number of ways at that time. The crowd is very diverse in both age and race, illustrating the concept that this is a united country, especially in times of trouble. As a nation, we value our ability to unite as this crowd has done within a single emotional response to a terrible event. The fact that they are all of adult size with the exception of the little girl really highlights her youth and the concept that we believe in upholding our children as the future of the nation. The effect of the sparks of light occurring above the little girl in the image combined with the fact that she is looking up gives the impression that these sparks may be the lost souls making their departure, but they are actually just pinpoints of light that are out of focus. This technique is called bokeh and is achieved by opening the aperture a

A Hunger Artist Essay Example for Free

A Hunger Artist Essay Misunderstanding must be exposed and handled accordingly in order for understanding to occur Throughout the short story, â€Å"A Hunger Artist†, misunderstanding often created a separation of artist from society. Franz Kafka uses various literary elements and devices such as symbols and conflict to demonstrate this theme. One way that Franz Kafka explicitly displays misunderstanding in â€Å"A Hunger Artist† is through his use of symbolism. Throughout the work, the hunger artist was locked inside of a cage to isolate himself from the fickle public. This cage represents alienation from society and also a barrier that prevents understanding. The spectators’ positions outside of the cage prevent them from truly appreciating the hunger artist’s feat and often times causes those to misunderstand the concept of â€Å"art† that the hunger artist is attempting to exhibit. In the artist’s case, being an artist means cutting oneself off from the world and this is reflected in the artist’s conscious choice to sequester, or seclude, himself in a cage. The physical separation of hunger artist and spectator that the cage creates mirrors the spiritual separation of the individual artistic ego and public will. This separation in mindset leads to a critical dividend in understanding in which only the hunger artist realizes the importance of his ambitions and accomplishments. In regard to the artist’s behavior, the impresario would apologize as stated, â€Å"He would apologize publicly for the artist’s behavior, which was only to be excused, he admitted because of the irritability caused by fasting; a condition hardly to be understood by well-fed people† (Kafka 3). Spectators often misinterpreted the point that the hunger artist was attempting to portray. The purpose of the cage was to secure him from those who do not understand him. Another way that Kafka demonstrates misunderstanding is through his use of external conflict. The hunger artist’s troubled relationships with his spectators suggest that the artist exists apart from society and must therefore be misunderstood since the spectators do not perceive art in the same sense that the hunger artist does. This conflict ultimately occurs on more than one occasion throughout the text. The artist does not want to be rewarded with materialistic contributions and/or praise from the public; he finds the greatest reward in others’ understanding of art from his perspective. The public pretend to admire the hunger artist’s accomplishments merely because they do not understand the true concept of art that the artist is striving to convey. Kafka states, â€Å"His public pretended to admire him so much, why should it have so little patience with him; if he could endure fasting longer, why shouldn’t the public endure it? † (2). The fickle public that the hunger artist encounters does not pay him as much attention as he expected. The public are glad to finally see the artist stop his fasting so they are able to proceed on with their lives; they don’t show much interest in the art of fasting. In an article, Ian Johnston translates, â€Å"In the last decades interest in hunger artists has declined considerably†¦Back then the hunger artist captured the attention of the entire city. From day to day while the fasting lasted, participation increased† (Franz Kafka A Hunger Artist). This explicitly expresses the reason why the public show no interest in the hunger artist’s fasting. An art that was greatly appreciated before has now died down and is not trendy. The hunger artist’s attempts to gain the public’s recognition of the true concept of the art of fasting have failed. From reading the short story, â€Å"A Hunger Artist†, one can gain the concept of how important it is to expose misunderstanding before true understanding can develop. Whether it be with an in-depth look at art or simply a misunderstanding between two people, developing an understanding is vital. The reason for misunderstanding must be addressed and handled accordingly prior to proceeding in the process of understanding. Works Cited Kafka, Franz. A Hunger Artist. Prague: Twisted Spoon Press, 1996. N. pag. Print. Yancey, Phillip. Good Reads. N. p. , n. d. Web. 20 Mar. 2013. lt;http://www. goodreads. com/quotes/tag/misunderstandinggt;. Understanding. Def. 2a. Merriam-Webster. n. d. N. pag. Web. 20 Mar. 2013. lt;http://www. merriam-webster. com/dictionary/understandinggt;. Johnston, Ian. Franz Kafka: The Metamorphosis, A Hunger Artist, In the Penal Colony, and Other Stories. Arlington, Virginia: Richer Resources Publications, 2009. N. pag. Web. 11 May 2013. lt;http://www. richerresourcespublications. com/Books/Classic_Books/Philosophy/Kafka/Franz_Kafka. pdfgt;.

Brown vs. Board of Education Art Exhibit :: Art Museum Exhibit Race Segregation

One of Art’s Messages When I first walked into the Krannert Art Museum, I had no idea where to begin seeing that this was my first visit to the museum. So I asked a man who worked there to point me in the general direction of the exhibit known as â€Å"Eight Artists Address Brown v. Board of Education.† The man gave me directions, and showed me into the section for the exhibit. I walked into two small rooms, which I thought was a little small for the work of eight artists. Despite the size, I had no idea where to start. So I took a quick look around the exhibit, which was empty except for the security guard who, upon my arrival, jumped up from his seat. Throughout my time at the museum, this guard was constantly checking me, like a hawk waiting for its prey to make a move before coming in for the kill, as if I were going to do anything other than look at the exhibits. His evil gaze was a little unnerving, however, I persisted in my work. In order to decide where to start, I spun around in a circle, coming to a stop at Pamel Vander Zwan’s and Carrie Mae Weems’ work on Plessy v. Ferguson. This was a series of five photographs in black and white featuring Zwan and Weems, one black and the other white, fighting over a chair in the middle of a checkered black and white room. It did not matter which picture started the series, because the two on the ends were the same picture. If going in a linear order, depending on where you started, the second and fourth pictures showed the two women struggling for the chair with the white women having the upper-hand, and the black women trying to take the chair away. Which ever direction you took, the pictures always ended the same way, with each women back where they started. It was at this point that I found a little book that describes each exhibit, which helped me to understand the pictures. Not knowing the background behind Plessy v. Ferguson, the struggle for the seat didn’t make much sense. The history is written saying that Homer Plessy was a black man who sat in the â€Å"white man only† car of a train, quite a rebellious feat for his time.

Campbell Soup Essay

Company Objectives The company’s objective is to enable business and operational success through integrated world class solutions and development by utilizing the organizational restructure of the Engineering and R&D departments. Having a centralized organization with a decentralized engineering department makes meeting the company objective quite difficult. Also, if the company’s objective does not align with the department specific objectives Campbell Soup is setting their selves up for failure. Sales and Marketing are concerned with increasing market share and gaining profit, while the Plants are worried about operational performance, and Engineering is focused on individual parts of the system. In order to have a successful company objective each department must be working towards the same goal. For example, if the plants are measured based on operating results and performance, when launching a new product line we have to be flexible and put in different performance metrics and set a glide path with a specific timeline. Competing on consistent quality, time/availability (want to be the first) (want to always have it on the shelves), [ARE THEY COMPETING ON PRICE? Having a reasonable price, can’t be an expensive product but people are willing to pay a premium price?] Specific Problem Defined Currently after quite a few years of product development Plastigon is still in the process improvement stage and is not a finished program. The project team is facing difficulties involving people, processes, data, and systems. There is not a clear line of responsibility and ownership for people at the individual and group level. The development team for the Plastigon line was decentralized over the P3 and has suffered a high turnover rate of its developers. If engineers were leaving the company or project because of the amount of travel required the correct engineers were not selected for the project, or the scope of the project was not clearly defined. The knowledge that the individuals on the project possess is one of the most valuable resources, especially during the product development phase. Project management at Campbell is not a clear, identified, well-connected end to end standard process. The data collected and analyzed throughout the program could not be trusted because there were no steps in place to ensure reliability. For example, testing the production line with water instead of  the actual product gives the firm inaccurate results. There are large discrepancies in the viscosity of soup and water, and the issues you run into will be completely different. If the regulations and procedures are put in place so that test products are not shipped to customers by mistake, test products can be labeled as such. A reevaluation of what regulations are necessary needs to take place for the firm to be able to grow. It didn’t seem as though costs were allocated in standard process. The systems that are put in place need to enable people, processes and data to work for the organization. If Campbell had the right tools and methods in place to support the work that occurs in the organization, the Plastigon line would have been up and running. They had this problem because they are not familiar with how to launching a completely brand new product line. This is outside of their comfort zone and therefore it has effectively stalled the product line due to lack of interest, conflicting interests, decentralized teams, and engineering issues. Individuals were not working cross-functionally but instead they focused heavily on their specific issues instead of the overarching strategic goal. There were several communication issues between different departments because there was not a shared vision. Problems – Not having meetings. Plants not being involved. There isn’t any real data analysis in this case. We analyzed the data to prove significance in the other sections. 2. What should Elsner do about Plastigon? Alternative Strategies Elsner has a few options available to him Continue the current development plan that his predecessors have started Scrap Plastigon and move towards a container that imitates proven microwaveable products Centralize the current development plan and roll out the Plastigon line. 2. Each of these options has their pro’s and con’s. Continuing current development as planned has proven to be costly and slow, but is the most obvious route. Scrapping Plastigon will most likely guarantee a successful microwaveable container, but will prove to be unpopular due to the substantial investment in Plastigon. Centralizing the  development is the â€Å"middle option† allowing Elsner to have a more focused approach on the existing plan. This could cause more issues within Campbell because of their decentralized development teams though. Recommendation Campbell has already committed a large amount of human and financial capital, $10M, into developing the Plastigon production line. They want a return on their investment. Although they have lost the first mover advantage to other companies that have entered with shelf-stable microwavable products they still have a superior product and they can steal market share from them. Since they had a radical innovation if they came to market with a less than perfect product they would have been allowed to make changes in the future to improve on their initial product. Their strong quality reputation would not have been ruined. They need to have a batch process for this production line. The beginning of the process will be a flow shop where are the standard processes are performed but then it will be a job shop towards the end of the process where we have the cooker and incubator. In order to compete with other firms they will need to have consistent quality, and finished good inventory. The beginning of the process is the hardest because that is when toy have to program knowledge into the automated machinery but then your costs will go down because you have a low waged and narrow skilled workforce. Launch DRG now and work on Plastigon, do not fund any other programs. Right not the Plastigon margins are horrible, total cost per unit = $1.49-1.59 selling at whole price for $.85, they are not making any money. Need to reevaluate costs. 3. What can the firm learn from its experience with Plastigon? 1. Campbell’s current development process is outdated and unwieldy 2. Campbell’s competitors have more efficient product development and rollout processes 3. Campbell’s business structure (engineering, product roll out, manager incentives) is not geared towards developing the next generation of their products (disruptive technologies) 4. If Campbell is going to be competitive in future product lines it will need to restructure its company’s development process. 5. Campbell is vulnerable to new technologies taking market share away from it. Big Problem- Beyond the case (long-term) The Palastigon program can turn out to be beneficial to the Campbell Soup Company if they take the approach of levering the problems they were faced with during this period and turning them into company solutions, guidelines and safety nets. The project management process needs to be reevaluated and set process steps need to be put into place. Non-value added activities, like developing product lines without first piloting the process. They need to have process owners or strategic project managers that are responsible for project results and integration between the cross-functional team. Process innovation improvement is a key takeaway. Revisit the current state process and identify areas for development. After this new product development initiatives will be easier to launch – Management and Engineering interface Problems can lead to streamlining an effective process for the future and result in potential solutions. Project management at the individual and group level. Take the key learnings from this specific project and launch corporate wide initiatives and procedures, for effective and efficient project management.

Definition and Examples of Lexicography

Lexicography is the process of writing, editing, and/or compiling a dictionary.  An author or editor of a dictionary is called a lexicographer. The processes involved in the compilation and implementation of digital dictionaries (such as Merriam-Webster Online)  is known as  e-lexicography. The fundamental difference between lexicography and linguistics, says Sven Tarp, is that they have two completely different subject fields: The subject field of linguistics is language, whereas the subject field of lexicography is dictionaries and lexicographic works in general (Beyond Lexicography in  Lexicography at a Crossroads, 2009).In 1971, historical linguist and lexicographer Ladislav Zgusta published the first major international handbook on lexicography, Manual of Lexicography, which remains the standard text in the field. Etymology: From the Greek, word write Pronunciation: LEK-si-KOG-ra-fee Beginnings of English Lexicography The beginnings of English lexicography go back to the Old English period . . .. The language of the Roman Church was Latin; its priests and monks needed to be competent in Latin in order to conduct services and to read the Bible . . .. As English monks studied these Latin manuscripts, they would sometimes write the English translation above (or below) a Latin word in the text, to help their own learning, and as a guide to subsequent readers. These one-word translations, written between the lines of a manuscript, are called interlinear glosses; they are seen as the beginnings of (bilingual) lexicography. (Howard Jackson, Lexicography: An Introduction. Routledge, 2002) Samuel Johnson (1709-1784) and English Lexicography I am not yet so lost in lexicography, as to forget that words are the daughters of earth and that things are the sons of heaven.(Samuel Johnson)[Samuel] Johnson was not only innovative in his use of 114,000 citations to prove his definitions and the usage of words and connotations. He also noted the author who had first used a word or collocation and who had last used an obsolete word. He also took the liberty of adding prescriptive commentaries whenever there was doubt about usage.(Piet Van van Sterkenburg, A Practical Guide to Lexicography. John Benjamins, 2003) English Lexicography in the 20th Century In the English language area, the lexical orientation has long remained historical. The first edition of the Concise Oxford Dictionary, by H.W. and F.G. Fowler, dates from 1911 and leans heavily on [James] Murrays New English Dictionary on Historical Principles [later renamed the Oxford English Dictionary]. It was also due to the fact that the first supplement to the OED was published in 1933 and the second was in preparation from 1950 onwards, to be published in four thick volumes under the general editorship of Robert Burchfield. Incidentally, that supplement did include swear words, sexual terms, colloquial speech etc.Innovations in the English lexicography were to be seen in the dictionaries by Longman and Collins, based on contemporary corpora of electronic texts and anchored entirely in a database structure. . . .In 1988, the first edition of the OED was made available on CD-ROM and the second edition in 1992.(Piet van Sterkenburg, The Dictionary: Definition and History. A Prac tical Guide to Lexicography, edited by Piet Van Sterkenburg. John Benjamins, 2003) Crowdsourcing and Contemporary Lexicography Websites such as those for Urban Dictionary and Wiktionary . . . offer what is known as bottom-up lexicography, placing ordinary speakers and writers at the core of the ways in which the dictionaries in question are to be made. The definition of dictionary-making which such sites present can be particularly telling. Lexicography: The art of making a dictionary. Anyone who adds to urbandictionary.com [sic] is a lexicographer, a post on Urban Dictionary proclaims. (Lynda Mugglestone, Dictionaries: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2011)A small thing in the larger world perhaps but Collins, the dictionary publisher, may have set a revolution going. If so its because they just announced the first instance of a dictionary allowing input not only from the usual suspects--staff lexicographers--but from the public, or to use the pertinent language: the crowd.Crowdsourcing . . . is first recorded in 2004. The philosophy of the more the merrier. And more creative. Now that ta sk could include lexicography. . . .For the last couple of months, Collins has thrown open their files to all-comers. Suggest a word that qualifies for their dictionary and wins a prize! Examples include Twittersphere, sexting, cyberstalking and captcha. . . .Such shout-outs are the antithesis of traditional lexicography. . . . If the dictionary-maker is a humble archivist while the lexicon is being created, they become a deity--or at least a cut-rate Moses--once it appears and becomes a source of supposedly trustworthy information. . . .Letting in the street will end no worlds but will it improve the quality of dictionaries? Form as ever faces off content. The form can be democratic as all hell, but in lexicon-land, surely the content is what matters. . . .Reference should be online. The opportunities for presentation, for breadth of information and for sophisticated searches that would be impossible in a print dictionary are too good to miss. But if reference is to remain useful t hen it cannot become amateur hour. (Jonathon Green, Dictionaries Are Not Democratic. The Observer, September 13, 2012) The Lighter Side of Lexicography LEXICOGRAPHER, n. A pestilent fellow who, under the pretense of recording some particular stage in the development of a language, does what he can to arrest its growth, stiffen its flexibility and mechanize its methods. (Ambrose Bierce, The Devils Dictionary, 1911)